Global agendas for sustaining clean environments target remediation ofmultimedia contaminants, but howclean
is clean? Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology focus on issues concerning “clean”. However, the models
used to assess the effects of environmental multimedia on individual living organisms and communities or populations
in Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicologymay fail to provide reliable estimates for risk assessment
and optimize health. Recent developments in low-dose effects research provide a novel means in Environmental
Toxicology and Ecotoxicology to improve the quality of hazard and risk assessment.